فhe exponent

 Exponent

The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication.

In 8² the "2" says to use 8 twice in a multiplication, 

so 8² = 8 × 8 = 64

In words: 8² could be called "8 to the power 2" or "8 to the second power", or simply "8 squared"

Exponents are also called Powers or Indices.

Some more examples:

Example: 5³ = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125

·         In words: 5³ could be called "5 to the third power", "5 to the power 3" or simply "5 cubed"

Example: 2⁴ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

·         In words: 2⁴ could be called "2 to the fourth power" or "2 to the power 4" or simply "2 to the 4th"

Exponents make it easier to write and use many multiplications

Example: 9⁶ is easier to write and read than 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9

You can multiply any number by itself as many times as you want using exponents.

In General

So in general:

an tells you to multiply a by itself so there are n of those a's:

Other Way of Writing It

Sometimes people use the ^ symbol (above the 6 on your keyboard), as it is easy to type.

Example: 2^4 is the same as 2⁴

·         2^4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

Negative Exponents

Negative? What could be the opposite of multiplying?

Dividing!

A negative exponent means how many times to divide one by the number.

Example: 8^-1 = 1 ÷ 8 = 0,125

You can have many divides:

Example: 5^-3 = 1 ÷ 5 ÷ 5 ÷ 5 = 0,008

But that can be done an easier way:

5^-3 could also be calculated like:

1 ÷ (5 × 5 × 5) = 1/5³ = 1/125 = 0,008

In General

That last example showed an easier way to handle negative exponents: ·         Calculate the positive exponent (an) ·         Then take the recipricol (i.e. 1/an)

More Examples:

Negative Exponent		Reciprocal of Positive Exponent		Answer
4-2	=	1 / 42	=	1/16 = 0,0625
10-3	=	1 / 103	=	1/1.000 = 0,001
(-2)-3	=	1 / (-2)3	=	1/(-8) = -0,125

What if the Exponent is 1, or 0?

1		If the exponent is 1, then you just have the number itself (example 91 = 9)
0		If the exponent is 0, then you get 1 (example 90 = 1)
		But what about 00 ? It could be either 1 or 0, and so people say it is "indeterminate".

It All Makes Sense

My favorite method is to start with "1" and then multiply or divide as many times as the exponent says, then you will get the right answer, for example:

Example: Powers of 5
	.. etc..
52	1 × 5 × 5	25
51	1 × 5	5
50	1	1
5-1	1 ÷ 5	0,2
5-2	1 ÷ 5 ÷ 5	0,04
	.. etc..

If you look at that table, you will see that positive, zero or negative exponents are really part of the same (fairly simple) pattern.

Be Careful About Grouping

To avoid confusion, use parentheses () in cases like this:

With () :	(-2)2 = (-2) × (-2) = 4
Without () :	-22 = -(22) = - (2 × 2) = -4

With () :	(ab)2 = ab × ab
Without () :	ab2 = a × (b)2 = a × b × b

Negative Exponents

Let us first look at what an "exponent" is:

	The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication. In this example: 82 = 8 × 8 = 64
In words: 82 can be called "8 to the second power", "8 to the power 2"  or simply "8 squared"

Example: 5³ = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125

In words: 5³ can be called "5 to the third power", "5 to the power 3" or simply "5 cubed"

In general:

an tells you to use a in a multiplication n times:

But those are positive exponents, what about something like:

8^-2

That exponent is negative ... what does it mean?

Negative Exponents

Negative? What could be the opposite of multiplying? Dividing!

Dividing is the inverse (opposite) of Multiplying.

A negative exponent means how many times to divide by the number.

Example: 8^-1 = 1 ÷ 8 = 1/8 = 0,125

Or many divides:

Example: 5^-3 = 1 ÷ 5 ÷ 5 ÷ 5 = 0,008

But that can be done an easier way:

5^-3 could also be calculated like:

1 ÷ (5 × 5 × 5) = 1/5³ = 1/125 = 0,008

That last example showed an easier way to handle negative exponents: ·         Calculate the positive exponent (an) ·         Then take the recipricol (i.e. 1/an)

To change the sign (plus to minus, or minus to plus) of the exponent,

use the recipricol (i.e. 1/aⁿ)

So, what about 8^-2 ?

Example: 8^-2 = 1 ÷ 8 ÷ 8 = 1/8² = 1/64 = 0,015625

More Examples:

Negative Exponent		Reciprocal of Positive Exponent		Answer
4-2	=	1 / 42	=	1/16 = 0,0625
10-3	=	1 / 103	=	1/1.000 = 0,001

It All Makes Sense

My favorite method is to start with "1" and then multiply or divide as many times as the exponent says, then you will get the right answer, for example: